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64 march - april 2006 | Society
Gertina J. van Schalkwyk, Emilie Tran et Kay Chang

The Impact of Macao’s Gaming Industry on Family Life

An exploratory study

Résumé

The purpose of this article is to present a comprehensive situation analysis and an assessment of the needs of the people of Macao in terms of their psychological well-being. It describes the present situation with regard to the ways in which the gaming industry affects family life and challenges the psychological well-being of the residents of Macao. Action research and a key informant approach were the basic methodology for this study, and semi-structured interviews were conducted to gain an understanding of the enabling and disabling processes in family life through the impact of the gaming industry. Textual data were analysed qualitatively for four dimensions. Four themes emerged—family functioning, relationships, child care and psycho-social issues in the family. Although not the only influence, it seems the gaming industry does indeed affect the family unit and the psychological well-being of individuals and groups both directly and indirectly1.

Plan

Texte intégral

This project is a comprehensive situation analysis and needs assessment of the psychological well-being of the people of the Macao Special Administrative Region (SAR). Overall the aim is to gain an in-depth understanding of the context and needs of the local community in order to appropriately provide psychological services and to develop models for effective intervention strategies for the Macao community2. We report here on the first phase of the project and on some of the many enabling and disabling processes having an impact on the well-being of the local population. The purpose is to describe the present situation with regard to family life in Macao focusing in particular on the impact of the gaming industry on family and the respective sub-systems (parents and children). As Macao gains its political and economic importance alongside its booming gaming industry, interest in the studying Macao’s infrastructure in social and psychological support systems have become increasingly relevant. The gaming industry, the major of source of employment and revenue in the territory, involves hidden factors compared to other industries in the region and inevitably captures the interest of researchers in psychological and sociological topics.

Research into and literature on family life and psychological aspects of people in Macao is extremely limited. The current knowledge base mainly relies on studies conducted in Hong Kong, and about Chinese expatriates living outside Macao. The majority of researchers who study the psychological aspects of Chinese culture and ethnicity pay little or no attention to the uniqueness of the psycho-social situation and related needs in Macao. In August 2005, an independent group of researchers with government funding conducted a large-scale study on the Quality of Life in Macao covering several dimensions related to how the local population perceive and experience the socio-economic structures of their daily lives3. This study, however, did not consider psychological aspects of people’s functioning and well-being. The lack of psychological baseline knowledge and the mental health service delivery system, only in its infancy, are thus an important backdrop against which the larger study was conducted.

Traditionally Macao has depended, for the delivery of social services, on an informal network of religious organisations, neighbourhood associations, and various social clans. At present mental health care services are mostly provided by social workers and access to psychological services is limited to visiting professionals from Hong Kong and a few partly trained psychological assistants (counsellors and paraprofessionals). Recent figures show the Macao government supports approximately 89 social workers for the population of about 482,000 people4. Figures for social workers in non-government organisations and psychologists are not available. This is a matter of particular concern and indicates that Macao is, to an extent, wanting in terms of mental health care services. It also seems that communication and collaboration among most of the service providers are neither well developed nor organised. Adding to the challenge is the lack of providers of psychological services, and a common established practice of loading mental health work tasks onto clergy staff, social workers and health care workers at best.

Family systems

The paper describes the present realities of and challenges to family life in Macao. Families often function according to a particular structure, and role appropriation for the different members of the family system develops. The Family Systems approach views the family as a social group of individuals “tied together through their common biological, legal, cultural and emotional history and their implied future”5. As a complex emotional unit the family is primarily a living, ongoing entity that is organised as a whole system with its members in continuous interaction and forming relationship patterns that extend over time and space. In the family, interconnecting family members affect each other’s thoughts, feelings and actions based upon a “circular causality that transpires between people within a family”6, as well as between the family and the environment. Hence relationships emerge within the family and between the family and social environment that influence individual development and functioning. As a psycho-social entity the family has a distinct influence on each member’s development and psychological well-being. The family can in fact be an obstacle to psychological well-being, particularly when the family system faces change to its core values or when a change in the functioning of one person predictably elicits change in the functioning of others.

In Macao at least four family groups were identified representing different and unique cultural heritages. Macanese families reflected a mixed-race heritage with Portuguese and Chinese the dominant cultures, and customs that were particular to Macao. Chinese families manifested in two distinct groups with families who migrated to Macao and have been living there for at least three generations in one group, and newer Chinese individuals and families who have migrated to the enclave since the handover to the PRC in 1999 and are considered as first generation authorised residents of Macao in the second group. The majority of families in the latter group came from Guangdong, with 4,848 (70%) legal immigrants from that province in 2004 alone. Both these groups still adhered to traditional Chinese customs and cultural heritage, with the former showing more acculturation, either with or without strong ties to their families of origin on the mainland. In the latter group the general trend was also for more women to leave their family of origin and come to Macao either with or without her children to find employment. An average 61.33% of legal immigrants from the mainland in 2004 were women7. The fourth group of families were mixed: some families were of Portuguese background maintaining strong ties with their country and culture of origin, some expatriate families from around the world, and a fair community of families originating from other Asian countries in the region (e.g., Philippines, Nepal, etc.).

Family systems in the multi-cultural context of Macao to a large extent still reflected conservative and traditional values and customs. Although the nuclear family system was evident, we encountered a mixed cultural heritage that influenced values and beliefs about what was considered “normal” family life. The data collected for this project focused mostly on the first three groups of families with Macanese and Chinese heritage, who constituted the largest proportion of the Macao population, with approximately 9.5% of the population 19 years of age and younger. Although the Macanese families reflected a unique mix in their cultural heritage, all the family systems reflected strong macro-level beliefs about the values of family life, harmonious living and filial piety.

Although psychological well-being is not traditionally a concept used in Chinese family systems, folklore and ancient Chinese writings refer to the concept of happiness associated with fu or fuqi (WW), which involves “anything positive and good in life” and related to longevity, prosperity, health, peace, virtue and a comfortable death8. This conceptualisation of happiness relates to what is implied by psychological well-being as a complex set of behaviours, thoughts, feelings and relationships that underlie the overall physical and socio-emotional wellness of people in a community. Research into the concept of the purpose and meaning of life involves the well-being of individuals and groups in different contexts such as the workplace, explorations regarding the cultural values of happiness, and more recently, psychofortology9. Whereas a lack of meaning in life could be associated with psychopathology10, some authors11 indicate that purpose in and meaning of life constitutes critical components of mental health with an emphasis on a sense of directedness and intentionality. Sources of personal meaning influence coping strategies for stress, while strong religious beliefs, group membership, values, clear goals and dedication to a cause further indicates the extent to which the demands of life are seen as worthy of investment and engagement.

It can thus be assumed that psychological well-being for the families of Macao will emerge in this historical time, multi-cultural context and with the boom in the gaming industry when positive emotions are fostered and encouraged while there is a lower level of negative emotions in viewing one’s overall satisfaction with life. In order to enhance the psychological well-being of a community, it is necessary to focus on preventive interventions that would decrease risk processes that can contribute to the development of psychological problems and pathologies12. Risk processes are those features that reduce the biological, psychological and social capacities of individuals and environments in order to maintain a healthy and well-balanced society. Psychological services would focus on the promotion of coping abilities and the development of adaptive and protective processes both for individuals and environments so as to increase or enhance the capacities for sustained psychological well-being. Frameworks for mental health care services should be developed aimed at providing interventions that would answer to the needs of the local population and that are accessible to all members of the community, children, adolescents and adults13.

The gaming industry in Macao

Today few people know anything about Macao other than it is a gambling haven on the south China coast. In fact, this has been so only for the past 150 years and it took time to convert the Chinese passion for gambling into the big business that the gaming industry has become. Up to the mid-nineteenth century, Macao served as a trading post in the lucrative sea trade Portugal had engaged in with Japan, the Philippines, China, Malaysia, India and Europe. It had never been viewed as a real colony by Portugal and in a sense it has only ever been a territory administered in order to reap maximum profits. Although Macao’s fortunes experienced ups and downs—depending on how open or closed the Chinese and the Japanese empires were to foreign trade at any particular time—the tiny Portuguese enclave enjoyed a considerable degree of prosperity.

10 It would be wrong though to assume that Macao was nothing more than a commercial entrepôt. Macao has also been a “city of commerce and culture”14. Indeed, it was “in Macao, if anywhere, [that] East and West did meet”, as once justly put by Charles Boxer, a renowned historian of the Portuguese in Asia15. The encounter and exchange that occurred in Macao have given the territory its blend of cultural and historical heritage16, which uniqueness has been asserted by UNESCO17.

11 The Treaty of Nanjing, signed in 1842, not only ended the first Opium War, but also sealed the fate of Macao by establishing Hong Kong18 and opening five port cities (Canton, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo and Shanghai) to foreign residence and trade. Since then, the newborn British colony dominated the maritime trade and provided a base for businesses that Macao had never dreamt of or managed to develop. Having lost its traditional commercial relevance and confronted with the economic and social decline that went along with promising inhabitants emigrating to Hong Kong and elsewhere in search of better opportunities, the administrators of Macao saw their livelihoods deeply threatened and they had to find some other sources of internal revenue. In order to survive, Macao needed to specialise in activities neither Hong Kong nor any nearby port city like Canton could offer, and in 1851 Macao started, amongst other endeavours, the coolie trade19. After this trade was prohibited in Hong Kong, Macao became all the more involved and it was mostly subsidised by British, American and Chinese capital, until the Portuguese Crown, under public pressure, prohibited it in 1873.

12 Another strategy thus had to be adopted by the administration and monopolies were granted not only to profitable and innocent commercial activities such as fishing oysters and sales of foodstuffs like salt, fish, pork and beef, but also to more harmful and lucrative trades, such as the one on boiled opium and gambling20. The idea of licensed gambling under the governorship of Captain Guimarães (1851-1863) proved a success from the start, and “in 1910, the Governor, reporting to Macao’s Deputy in the Portuguese Parliament, stated that 70 percent of all income of the Administration came from the monopolies of gambling and opium and only 30 percent from other sources of revenue”21.

13 There have always been some forms of gambling in China, although it was prohibited22. Today mahjong is regularly played by local residents at family gatherings and with friends. However, in the context of the prohibition under the imperial regime and later added to by the surge of anti-gambling sentiments of the Chinese authorities in the late nineteenth century, the very monopolies granted to gambling legalised gambling in Macao and launched the Portuguese territory as a gambling enclave. This was emphasised further when Hong Kong banned gambling in 1871. Gaming contracts were granted to only a handful of figureheads linked to each other in a complex network of associations, fierce competition and backstabbing.

14 In 1934 the gambling policy reached a turning point when the local administration for the first time granted a monopoly of all casino-style gambling to the syndicate Tai Xing Company, led by Gao Kening and Fu Laorong, thus formally institutionalising gambling as an industry with carefully designed policies that excluded competition from other potential bidders. Until the 1960s they managed to secure the monopoly for themselves, and during the Tai Xing Co. era, gambling blossomed in Macao while the ban imposed on gambling in the rest of China had been very strictly enforced by the Chinese Communist Party, which came into power in 1949. Another turning point came in 1962 when the Macao governor, despite the suggestion of the highest authorities in Lisbon, granted the casino franchise to the Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau (STDM) led by Stanley Ho and Yip Hon. The latter retired from the partnership in 1975, thus allowing Stanley Ho to become the only casino magnate in the territory until the end of the franchise on December 31st 2001. The STDM introduced Western games such as roulette and baccarat to the casinos. Transportation between Hong Kong and Macao was modernised by introducing highly efficient and fast hovercraft jetfoils, which had the direct result of enabling Stanley Ho to consolidate the casino industry in the Portuguese enclave.

15 In August 2001 the Legislative Assembly of Macao, preparing for the ending of the STDM’s 40-year-old monopoly over the territory’s gaming industry, passed Law 16/2001 according to which it officially established the "Legal Framework for the Operations of Casino Games of Fortune" and tourism, gaming, conventions and exhibitions, and the service industry became the economic driving force for Macao. The SAR government opened the sector to two new players from Las Vegas: the Las Vegas Sands Corp. and the Wynn Resorts. Altogether with SJM (Sociedade de Jogos de Macau), an affiliate of the former monopoly-holder STDM, the three licensed operators, joined by a few big players, such as MGM, Kerry Packer and Galaxy through joint-ventures, have announced frenzied investments and gigantic casino and hotel developments and projects that are under construction on Macao peninsula and on Cotai, a strip of reclaimed land between the islands of Taipa and Coloane. The area will feature not only casinos and hotels (10,000 rooms in total) but also conference facilities on a grand scale and is expected to employ 150,000 staff. The number of casinos increased from 11 in 2002 to 17 in the third quarter of 2005 and Macao has already become the second largest gaming city in the world, behind Las Vegas in the United States. Thus, as we can see, the gaming monopoly, designed to keep the colonial administration afloat in the mid-nineteenth century, has by far exceeded all expectations. Indeed, in 2003, the Macao Gaming Inspection and Coordination Bureau (GICB, 2003) reported that gaming tax contributed 74% to the Macao fiscal revenue. In 2004, the total public revenue amounted to 19.6 billion patacas of which 15.2 billion patacas came from the gambling tax23, that is to say 77.8% of the government fiscal revenue: already a three percentage point increase compared with 2003.

16 In this context it is apparent that the gaming industry plays a major role in the lives and well-being of the local population. The economic growth and wealth that the industry has brought to the community, has created numerous employment opportunities and the Statistic and Census Services (DSEC) report that unemployment has decreased from 6.4% in 2002 to 4.1% in the third quarter of 2005 with almost 58% of the population working in the industry. Many young people are lured into working in the industry for salaries that sometimes exceed that of peer graduates in the government and private sectors. Furthermore, the industry not only supports casinos, but also a variety of subsidiary business endeavours. In this regard, young girls are imported to work in the sex trade, while large tourist groups visit the territory on a regular basis mostly to participate in gambling but also to enjoy the historical sites and heritage of Macao. It is estimated that approximately 1 million people visit the territory each month, with PRC national holidays allowing this figure to rise to almost 1.5 million. For last October indeed, with the National Day week-long holiday, the Statistics and Census Service indicated that the total number of visitor arrivals reached 1,663,623, up 10.2% year-on-year. Visitors from Mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan, increased 9.8%, 10.9% and 2.9% respectively. In the first ten months of 2005, visitor arrivals totalled 15,438,078, up 12.7% for the same period of last year. The majority of visitors come from mainland China (57.9% of the total), Hong Kong (28.2%) and Taiwan (7.8%), and among the mainland visitors, 491,989 (51.1%) travelled to Macao under the Individual Visit Scheme24. But the “Cotai Strip project…—with thousands of rooms, marinas, large entertainment venues, shopping, dining and huge convention and exhibition facilities—is intended to draw people from farther away… visitors from Japan, Singapore, Thailand, from other places in the Asian region, and from the rest of the world”25. Given that the territory comprises only approximately 27 square kilometres, this influx of tourists to the casinos and other facilities create a very definite over-crowdedness not only on the streets of Macao, but in every corner of this small enclave.

Exploration

17 The research in this first explorative stage of the project utilised the key informant approach26. The intention was to gain an in-depth understanding of the present situation is Macao in which the gaming industry poses both direct and indirect benefits and challenges to the well-being of local residents. The key informant approach allowed us to conduct semi-structured focus-group and individual interviews27 with individuals considered knowledgeable about the community, the residents and their needs (e.g., professionals, community leaders, church leaders, etc.). Because these informants worked directly with the community and regularly interacted with the families in Macao, they were considered as having a particular insight into the situation in the community. The interviews were recorded on audio tape with the consent of the interviewees obtained prior to the interview session. The audio recordings were transcribed and translated to provide textual data for analysis28. Family profiles in the form of three-generation genograms were used to provide information regarding the family structure and family history, and the impact of this history on present and probable future patterns29.

Notes

1 This article is the outcome of research undertaken with a grant from the University of Macau. The authors are all connected to the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities where they teach, respectively, psychology and sociology. Correspondence can be directed to the principle investigator at: gjvs@umac.mo.
2 We wish to thank all our key informants working respectively at Caritas, psychiatric nursing recovery services, elderly care centres, and youth centres for at-risk children and support of single parents, as well as the Ricci College (a secondary school in Macao) and leaders in schools and institutions for higher learning for their willing participation in this first part of the project. We also wish to thank the Macao Ricci Institute for having organised a seminar that was well attended by members of the Macao public and press for the first presentation of the outcomes of this project. To the public attending the MRI Forum on December 13th 2005 and to the reviewers of China Perspectives we extend a special word of appreciation for their comments that helped us improve this final version of the paper.
3 Personal communication with Dr K K Tong, a collaborating researcher, September 2005.
4Website of Direcção dos Serviços de Estatística e Censos (DSEC, Statistics and Census Service), http://www.dsec.gov.mo/e_index.html, last visited on December 12th 2005.
5 Monica McGoldrick, Randy Gerson and Sylvia Shellenberger, Genograms: Assessment and Intervention, New York, W.W. Norton & Company, 1999, p. 7; see also Murray Bowen, Family Therapy in Clinical Practice, New York, Jason Aronson, 1978; Irene Goldenberg and Herbert Goldenberg, Family Therapy: an Overview, Australia, Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning, 2000; Christie Connard, “The Ecology of the Family. A Background Paper for a Family-Centered Approach to Education and Social Service Delivery” on http://www.nwrel.org; Gertina van Schalkwyk, “Mapping family systems for ethical decision making” in Iva Smit, Wendell Wallach and George E. Lasker (eds.), Cognitive, Emotive and Ethical Aspects of Decision Making in Humans and Artificial Intelligence, Vol. IV, Canada, The International Institute for Advanced Studies in Systems Research and Cybernetics, 2005.
6 Goldenberg & Goldenberg, op. cit. p. 19.
7 Website of Direcção dos Serviços de Estatística e Censos (Statistics and Census Service), http://www.dsec.gov.mo/e_index.html, last visit on December 12, 2005
8 Luo Lu, Robin Gilmour and Shu-Fang Kao, “Cultural values and happiness: An East-West dialogue”, in The Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 141 No. 4, 2001, pp. 477-493.
9 Psychofortology as a domain is a contradistinction to psychopathology and studies the origins, nature, manifestations and enhancement of psychological well-being in the lives of individuals and communities. See e.g., Mustafah Ahmed Arafa, Mervat W.A. Nazel, Nahla K. Ibrahim and Ashraf Attia, “Predictors of psychological well-being of nurses in Alexandria, Egypt” in International Journal of Nursing Practice, Vol. 9, 2003, pp. 313-320; Paula Brough, “A comparative investigation of the predictors of work-related psychological well-being within police, fire and ambulance workers”, in New Zealand Journal of Psychology, Vol. 34, No. 2, 2005, pp. 127-134; and Marie Wissing and Chris van Eeden, “Empirical clarification of the nature of psychological well-being”, in South African Journal of Psychology, Vol. 32, No. 1, 2002, pp. 32-44.
10 See Irvin Yalom in Sheryl Zika and Kerry Chamberlain, “On the relation between meaning in life and psychological well-being”, in the British Journal of Psychology, Vol. 83, 1992, pp. 133-145.
11 See Carol Ryff, “Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being” in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 57, 1989, pp. 564-577; and Carol Ryff and Corey L.M. Keyes, “The structure of psychological well-being revisited”, in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 69, 1995, pp. 719-727.
12 See e.g., Karen Duffy and Frank Wong, Community Psychology, New York, Allyn and Bacon, 2003 for more about developing service frameworks and the importance of primary prevention for empowering communities to cope with the impact of external challenges.
13 See, for example, James Dalton, Maurice Elias and Abraham Wandersman, Community Psychology: Linking Individuals and Communities, Canada, Wadsworth Thomson Learning, 2001.
14 Rolf D. Cremer (ed.), Macau: City of Commerce and Culture, Hong Kong, API Press, 1991.
15 Cited in Eric Sautedé, “The East Did Meet the West in Macao,” HongKong-Echos, No. 37, Autumn 2005, pp. 14-16.
16 Christina Miu Bing Cheng, Macau: A Cultural Janus, Hong Kong, Hong Kong University Press, 1999.
17 UNESCO added “The Historic Centre of Macao”, covering some 20 historical landmarks, including the old façade of Saint Paul and the temple of A-Ma, on July 15th 2005 to its prestigious World Heritage List.
18 Fernando Figueiredo, “A Conjectura Política: Depois De Hong Kong”, in A. H. de Oliveira Marques, História Dos Portugueses No Extremo Oriente, op. cit. pp. 35-92.
19 Manuel Teixeira, O Comércio de Escravos em Macao / The So-Called Portuguese Slave Trade in Macao, Macao, Imprensa Nacional, 1976; and Fernando Figueiredo, op. cit., pp. 56-58.
20 As shown by Joãn de Pina-Cabral, especially Chapter 4: “Paradoxes: Gambling and the Imperial Civil Service Examination”, Between China and Europe: Person, Culture and Emotion in Macao, London & New York, Continuum, 2002. This chapter is one of the most, if not the most, comprehensive historical analysis of the gambling background of Macao. Indeed, as pointed out by the author himself, p. 81: “The history of these activities has not been researched in any systematic way. Most of the governmental archival material previous to 1960 relating to gambling contracts seems to have mysteriously vanished”. There are some collections of materials mentioned by Pina-Cabral, like the green book of the Inspecção dos Contratos de Jogos published in 1985, and Ana Maria Amaro, Jogos, Brinquedos e Outras Diversões Populares de Macau, Macao, Imprensa Nacional, 1992. See also: Antonio Pinho, “Gambling in Macau”, in Rolf D. Cremer (ed.), op. cit., pp. 247-257.
21 Pina-Cabral, op. cit. p. 81.
22 Jacques Gernet, Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion 1250-1276, London, George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1962.
23Website of Direcção dos Serviços de Estatística e Censos (Statistics and Census Service), http://www.dsec.gov.mo/e_index.html.
24 Ibid.
25 Citing the President and Chief Operating Officer of the Las Vegas Sands (LVS) interviewed by Paulo Azevedo and José Ho in “We Became More Bullish About the Investment”, Macau Business, December 2005, pp. 10-15.
26 Duffy & Wong, op. cit.; Fred M. Cox, John L. Erlich, Jack Rothman and John E. Tropman (eds.), Tactics and Techniques of Community Practice, Itasca, Illinois, FE Peacock Publishers, 1984. Norman Denzin and Yvonna Lincoln also wrote on different methods used in qualitative research in their Handbook of Qualitative Research, London, Sage, 1999.
27 Steiner Kvale, Interviews: An introduction to qualitative research interviewing. London, Sage Publications, 1996.
28 We wish to thank our research assistant, Ms Jennifer Wilkinson, for the hours she spent transcribing and translating the audio recordings of the interviews we conducted for this project.
29 McGoldrick, Gerson & Shellenberger, op. cit.
30 Throughout the discussion section we will refer to the comments and contributions of key informants who participated in this first part of the study in italics. We do not use the informants’ names so as to protect their identity and a special code will indicated that the comments were made by different participants in this exploratory study.
31 Macau Post Daily, November 21, 2005.
32 DSEC, 2005.
33 Macau Post Daily, November 21, 2005.
34 See Sing Lau (ed.) in Growing up the Chinese Way: Chinese Child and Adolescent Development, Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1996.
35 Connard, op cit., and Goldenberg and Goldenberg, op cit., expand on the importance of time and space for forming quality relationships in the family.
36 See Harry Gardiner and Carol Kosmitzki, “Lives across cultures: cross-cultural human development”, Singapore, Pearson Education, 2005, and Barbara and Philip Newman, “Development through life: a psychosocial approach”, Singapore, Thomson Wadsworth Publishers, 2003.
37 Lo Shiu Hing, “Towards the End of the Stanley Ho Connection?” China Perspectives, “Macau Special”, op. cit. pp. 56-65.
38 Ibid., p. 59.
40 DSEC, 2005.
41 Youth Problems and Youth Services in Macau SAR: A blueprint for the new millennium, published by the Social Welfare Institute, 2005, and Wu Zhiliang, A juventude e o futuro de Macau, Qingnian yu Aomen weilai, The Youth and the Future of Macau, Fundação Macau, 1994.
42 Gardiner and Kosmitzki, op. cit.; Barbara and Philip Newman, op. cit.
43 See Ryff, op. cit.; Lea Pulkkinen and Anna Ronka, “Personal control over development, identity formation, and future orientation”, in Developmental Psychology, Vol. 30, 1994, pp. 260-271; and Oi-Ling Siu, “Occupational stressors and well-being among Chinese Employees” in Applied Psychology, Vol. 51(4), 2002, pp. 527-544
44 See for example, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and the potential impact of unsatisfied deficiency needs in George Boeree’s summary of Abraham Maslow, http://www.ship.edu/~cgboree/maslow.html.
45 “China launches nationwide campaign against gambling”, People’s Daily Online, last updated on January 12th 2005, http://english.people.com.cn/200501/12/eng20050112_170335.html.
46 “Chinese president urges ethical, ideological education for youth,” People’s Daily Online, last updated on January 19th 2005, http://english.people.com.cn/200501/18/eng20050118_171045.html.
47 For further development on politics and ethics, see Emilie Tran, “Elite Politics and Ethics in China: Resolving Non-Antagonistic Contradictions?”, Chinese Cross Currents, “Success and Values”, Vol. 2, No. 2, April-June 2005, pp. 50-69.

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Référence électronique

Gertina J. van Schalkwyk, Emilie Tran et Kay Chang, « The Impact of Macao’s Gaming Industry on Family Life », China perspectives, n°64, 2006, [En ligne], mis en ligne le 1 avril 2009. URL : http://chinaperspectives.revues.org/document603.html. Consulté le 26 novembre 2009.

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